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Ring N/X: 4/11: Calénnawn |
René Uittenbogaard | ||
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| << Inagalasi | Darynese Leg >> |
O uysnómo cor h òfer-súmnoduv ðar-baranúyaSónnti hélow-qoy f-alédon f-rítu pey f-ópalc páysa pey im tárqa, sno ísomm-qoy fh qúba fémlo nopalémo dínnur o uysnómo cor h téza. Sónnti ísomm-qoy f-téza suírgi. Qód-qoy fh ðar cor o foycécobov sno hélow-qoy s-miwpéti s-girg pey f-páysa úlu pey sum bési. Sónnti xámbad-qoy f-téza ziútay ògerdof-qána elíw, ley snómo-qoy biw ziútay zett alííss uráronur syo clóhi. Sónnti ísomm-qoy so ðar-elíw suzawpósse o alííss. Sónnti cùel-stúqi-qoy sno foycéco-qoy fond ífna ziútay vòqus-šéqifbov uráronur maxáwðe. (Conlang version 0.80.3) |
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The Making of Nice-Tasting Meat-BreadMix wheat, oil and ordinary salt together, and add water as needed for making dough. Put the dough aside. Cut the meat of the cooked ones and mix the onions, the spices and a little salt with them. Knead the dough into walnut-big balls, then make them into flat circles with your hands. Put those balls of meat onto the circles. Fold in half and cook everything golden with an oven. |
CXS & Interlinear |
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| /o | ?uj'snomo | kOr | @ | ,?OfEr'sumnoduv | DAR\.bara'nuja/ |
| O | uysnómo | cor | h | òfer-súmnoduv | ðar-baranúya |
| O | uy-snómo | cor | h | òfer-súmno-duv | ðar-baranúya. |
| ART.NOM | GER-make | of | ART.NOM | good-taste-GER.ADJ | meat-bread. |
| The Making of Nice-Tasting Meat-Bread | |||||
| /'sOn:ti | 'hElow.XOj | fa'lEdOn | 'fR\itu | pEj | 'fopAlk | 'pAjsa | pEj/ |
| Sónnti | hélow-qoy | f-alédon | f-rítu | pey | f-ópalc | páysa | pey |
| Sónnti | hélow-qoy | f=alédon | f=rítu | pey | f=ópalc | páysa | pey |
| 2SG.NOM | mix-do | ART.ACC=wheat | ART.ACC=oil | and | ART.ACC=normal | salt | and |
| Mix wheat, oil and ordinary salt | |||||||
| /im | 'tAR\Xa | sno | 'isOm:.XOj | f@ | 'quba | 'fE.mlo | nopa'lEmo/ |
| im | tárqa, | sno | ísomm-qoy | fh | qúba | fémlo | nopalémo |
| im | tárqa, | sno | ísomm-qoy | fh | qúba | fémlo | no-palémo |
| with | each_other, | and | put-do | ART.ACC | water | like | INV.need |
| together, and add water as needed | |||||||
| /'din:uR\ | o | ?uj'snomo | kOr | @ | 'tEza/ |
| dínnur | o | uysnómo | cor | h | téza. |
| dínnur | o | uy-snómo | cor | h | téza. |
| BEN | ART.NOM | GER-make | of | ART.NOM | dough. |
| for making dough. | |||||
| /'sOn:ti | 'isOm:.XOj | f'tEza | su'?iR\gi/ |
| Sónnti | ísomm-qoy | f-téza | suírgi. |
| Sónnti | ísomm-qoy | f=téza | su-írgi. |
| 2SG | put-do | ART.ACC=dough | ALL.beside. |
| Put the dough aside. | |||
| /'XOd.XOj | f@ | DAR\ | kOR\ | o | fOj'kEkobOv | sno | 'hElow.XOj/ |
| Qód-qoy | fh | ðar | cor | o | foycécobov | sno | hélow-qoy |
| Qód-qoy | fh | ðar | cor | o | foycéco-bov | sno | hélow-qoy |
| Cut-do | ART.ACC | meat | of | ART.NOM | cook-PST_PRTCP | and | mix-do |
| Cut the meat of the cooked ones and mix | |||||||
| /smiw'pEti | sgiR\g | pEj | f'pAjsa | 'ulu | pEj | sum | 'bEsi/ |
| s-miwpéti | s-girg | pey | f-páysa | úlu | pey | sum | bési. |
| s=miwpéti | s=girg | pey | f=páysa | úlu | pey | sum | bési. |
| ART.ACC=onion.PL | ART.ACC=spice.PL | and | ART.ACC=salt | little | and | with | 3PL. |
| the onions, the spices and a little salt with them. | |||||||
| /'sOn:ti | '|\AmbAd.XOj | f'tEza | zi'?utAj | ,ogErdof'X\ana | E'liw | lEj | 'snomo.XOj/ |
| Sónnti | xámbad-qoy | f-téza | ziútay | ògerdof-qána | elíw, | ley | snómo-qoy |
| Sónnti | xámbad-qoy | f=téza | zi-útay | ògerdof-qána | elíw, | ley | snómo-qoy |
| 2SG | knead-do | ART.ACC=dough | CONJ-into | nut-big | ball.PL, | then | make-do |
| Knead the dough into walnut-big balls, then make | |||||||
| /biw | zi'?utAj | zEtS | a'lys: | u'R\aR\onuR\ | sjo | 'klohi/ |
| biw | ziútay | zett | alííss | uráronur | syo | clóhi. |
| biw | zi-útay | zett | alííss | uráro-nur | syo | clóhi. |
| 3PL.ACC | CONJ-into | [INDEF.NOM].flat | circle.PL | use-GER | 2SG.POSS | hand.PL. |
| them into flat circles with your hands. | ||||||
| /'sOn:ti | 'isOm:.XOj | so | DAR\.E'liw | ,suzAw'pOs:E | o | ?a'lys:/ |
| Sónnti | ísomm-qoy | so | ðar-elíw | suzawpósse | o | alííss. |
| Sónnti | ísomm-qoy | so | ðar-elíw | su-zaw-pósse | o | alííss. |
| 2SG | put-do | ART.ACC | meat-ball.PL | ALL-above-touching | ART.NOM | circle.PL. |
| Put those balls of meat onto the circles. | ||||||
| /'sOn:ti | ,ku?El'stuXi.XOj | sno | fOj'kEko.XOj | fOnd | 'ifna/ |
| Sónnti | cùel-stúqi-qoy | sno | foycéco-qoy | fond | ífna |
| Sónnti | cù-el-stúqi-qoy | sno | foycéco-qoy | fond | ífna |
| 2SG | fraction-two-fold-do | and | bake-do | something | all |
| Fold in half and cook everything | |||||
| /zi'?utAj | ,voqus'SEqifbOv | u'R\aR\onuR\ | ma|\'awDE/ |
| ziútay | vòqus-šéqifbov | uráronur | maxáwðe. |
| zi-útay | vòqus-šéqif-bov | uráro-nur | maxáwðe. |
| CONJ-into | gold-color-PST_PRTCP | use-GER | [INDEF.NOM].oven. |
| golden with an oven. | |||
Native Script |
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Orthography |
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Notes beforehand concerning the spelling:
- $ is an alternative spelling for s-caron (i.e. s-hachek) for non-UTF-8 environments. These represent the same letter (/S/).
- Acute and grave accents denote primary and (in compounds) secondary stress, respectively. The letters a, á and à are not fundamentally different, since the stress can shift when words are combined into compound words.
Grammar |
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Calénnawn is a pro-drop language with SVO word order. Pronouns may be elided. Adjectives precede the nouns, but can also occur standalone (e.g. the big [one]). In compound words, the first part is the modifying part. Absence of an article in the nominative indicates indefiniteness. All prepositions govern the nominative.
3) The conjunction "fémlo" denotes that the first sentence is performed in the manner in which the sentence following it is performed. In this text, its scope extends to the end of the sentence.
4) "-duv" creates an adjective based on a gerund: "o xámbad-duv ifúrti" = the kneading people
5) Plurals are formed by replacing the last vowel in the word with "i". If the last vowel was "i", it is replaced with "ii" /y/.
6) Numerals (including words like "úlu") _follow_ the noun they refer to: "miwpéti el" = two onions.
7) The conjunction "pey", in the meaning "and", follows the two noun phrases (postfix notation): "h qúba h rítu pey" = water and oil.
8) The prefix "su-" changes a locative preposition into indicating movement towards a location (illative/allative).
9) All prepositions can be used standalone, in which case they function as an adverb, cf.: I am in the house - I am inside.
10) Inverse voice, indicated by the verb prefix "no-" means swapping the nominative and accusative, e.g. Bési nalétu fh qúba. They drink water. H qúba nonalétu biw. Water is_drunk_by them.
11) "zi-" indicates that the following prepositional phrase is not attached to the predicate, but instead to the last NP or PP, e.g.: Bési fésni fh bórmo zidrámor h baranúya. They eat fish with bread. Bési fésni fh bórmo drámor Bóbo. They eat fish with Bobo. Sometimes "zi-" is left out, especially on the preposition "cor"; "cor" always attaches to the last NP or PP.
12) "-nur" forms the gerund of a verb. If the verb is transitive, the gerund can be followed by its direct object; however, the gerund is considered a preposition, therefore its object takes the nominative. If the gerund is used standalone, then it functions as an adverb, as per note (9). Examples: sónnti din s-ifúrti = you have-a-beneficial-effect-on the-people. sónnti foycéco dínnur o ifúrti = you cook for(benefactive) the people.
13) the imperative of verbs is formed by using the verb "to do" (-qoy) as enclitic: Sónnti foycéco-qoy! You cook-IMP!
14) "-bov" creates an adjective based on a past participle of a verb: h stúqi-bov téza = folded dough
Vocabulary |
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| alédon | noun: | wheat |
| alíss | noun: | circle (see note (5)) |
| baranúya | noun: | bread |
| bési | pron: | they (3PL nominative) |
| biw | pron: | them (3PL accusative) |
| -bov | affix: | (past participle as adjective, see note (14)) |
| clóhe | noun: | hand (see note (5)) |
| cor | prep: | of (=genitive) |
| cú- | prefix: | (prefix creating fractions) (e.g. cúel: half) |
| din | verb: | to have beneficial effect for |
| dínnur | prep: | for, in behalf of, having a beneficial effect for |
| -duv | affix: | (gerund as adjective, see note (4)) |
| ðar | noun: | meat |
| el | numeral: | two |
| eláw | noun: | ball (see note (5)) |
| f- | proclitic: | see "fh" |
| fémlo | conj: | how/like (see note (3)) |
| fh /f@/ | article: | (definite/indefinite, accusative, uncountable) |
| fond | pron: | something |
| foycéco | verb: | to cook, bake (transitive) |
| gorg | noun: | spice (see note (5)) |
| h /@/ | article: | (definite/indefinite, nominative, uncountable) |
| hélow | verb: | to mix; idiom: to mix A, B and C "im" (=with) each other; idiom: to mix A, B and C "sum" (=into/with) D |
| ífna | numeral: | all, every (see note (6)) |
| im | prep: | in/with (but see "hélow" for idiom) |
| írgi | prep: | next to, beside; as adverb: at the side (see note (9)) |
| ísomm | verb: | to put, lay, set |
| ley | conj: | and then, next |
| maxáwðe | noun: | oven |
| miwpéto | noun: | onion (see note (5)) |
| no- | prefix: | inverse voice marker (see note (10)) |
| -nur | affix: | (gerund as preposition, see note (12)) |
| o | article: | (definite, nominative, countable) |
| ófer | adj: | good, agreeable, pleasant, judged positive |
| ógerdof | noun: | a kind of nut, the size of a walnut |
| ópalc | adj: | normal, ordinary |
| palémo | verb: | to need |
| páysa | noun: | salt |
| pey | conj: | also, and (noun phrase level) (see note (7)) |
| pósse | prep: | touching (may be combined into compound preposition) |
| qána | adj: | big |
| qod | verb: | to cut |
| qoy | verb: | to do; as enclitic: (imperative marker, see note (13)) |
| qúba | noun: | water |
| rítu | noun: | vegetable oil |
| s- | proclitic: | see "so" |
| šéqif | verb: | to color (transitive), to give color |
| sno | conj: | and (sentence level) |
| snómo | verb: | make, create |
| so | article: | (definite, accusative, countable) |
| sónnti | pron: | you (2SG nominative) |
| stúqi | verb: | to fold (when with fractions, e.g. half: fold in half) |
| su- | prefix: | (illative/allative, see note (8)) |
| sum | prep: | into/with (see "hélow" for idiom) |
| súmno | verb: | to taste like sth. |
| syo | poss.pron: | your (2SG.POSS) |
| tárqa | pron: | each other (reciprocal) |
| téza | noun: | dough |
| úlu | numeral: | a little, a bit (uncountable; see note (6)) |
| uráro | verb: | to use |
| útay | prep: | becoming, turning into |
| uy- | prefix: | "act of" (gerund) |
| vóqus | noun: | gold |
| xámbad | verb: | knead |
| zaw | prep: | above (may be combined into compound preposition) |
| zett | adj: | flat |
| zi- | prefix: | (see note (11)) |
Abbreviations |
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| 2SG | second person singular |
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| 3PL | third person plural |
| ACC | accusative |
| ALL | allative |
| ART | article |
| BEN | benefactive |
| CONJ | conjunction |
| GER | gerund |
| INDEF | indefinite |
| IMP | imperative |
| INV | inverse voice (see note (10)) |
| NOM | nominative |
| NP | noun phrase |
| PL | plural |
| POSS | possessive |
| PP | prepositional phrase |
| PRON | pronoun |
| PST_PRTCP | past participle |
| << Inagalasi | Darynese Leg >> |
